Arts & Sciences Microbiology (CAS)
Description
Website: http://microbiology.unl.edu
The microbiology major is an interdepartmental major that offers educational opportunities in various areas of microbiology leading to a bachelor of science degree in microbiology. The training offered is suitable for a professional career in microbiology, which may lead to employment in the food industry, clinical microbiology, biotechnology, and pharmaceuticals; or federal agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Public Health Service, and Environmental Protection Agency. The program is also suitable as preparation for graduate studies leading to academic careers and professional careers in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, pharmacy, and health-related fields. (Completion of the microbiology baccalaureate degree program does not automatically fulfill the admission requirements for application to a given professional program. Students considering applying to a professional program are strongly encouraged to work with their advisor to ensure that admission requirements are met during the completion of the microbiology major.)
Learning Outcomes
Graduates with a major in microbiology will:
- Examine and evaluate evidence on how microbes have changed over time allowing them to adapt, survive, and evolve into complex life.
- Compare how cell structures and functions are different across the domains of life.
- Compare the various ways that microbes interact and survive in different environments and hosts (humans, animals, and plants).
- Evaluate the control of genes on microbial life and explain how genes can be altered for biotechnology.
- Explain how microbes are essential for all planetary life and describe how microbes are connected human health and society.
- Design scientific experiments related to microbes using the scientific method while integrating ethical issues and communicating scientific discoveries to diverse audiences.
- Demonstrate safe lab practices and apply computer skills to study microbes.
Academic and Career Advising
Academic and Career Advising Center
Not sure where to go or who to ask? The Advising Center team in 107 Oldfather Hall can help. The Academic and Career Advising Center is the undergraduate hub for CAS students in all majors. Centrally located and easily accessed, students encounter friendly, knowledgeable people who are eager to help or connect students to partner resources. Students also visit the Advising Center in 107 Oldfather Hall to:
- Choose or change their major, minor, or degree program.
- Check on policies, procedures, and deadlines.
- Get a college approval signature from the Dean’s representatives.
CAS Career Coaches are available by appointment (in-person or Zoom) and located in the CAS Academic and Career Advising Center, 107 Oldfather Hall. They help students explore majors and minors, gain experience, and develop a plan for life after graduation.
Assigned Academic Advisors
Academic advisors are critical resources dedicated to students' academic, personal, and professional success. Every CAS student is assigned an academic advisor based on their primary major. Since most CAS students have more than just a single major, it is important to get to know the advisor for any minors or additional majors. Academic advisors work closely with the faculty to provide the best overall support and the discipline specific expertise. They are available for appointments (in-person or Zoom) and through weekly virtual drop-ins. Assigned advisors are listed in MyRED and their offices may be located in or near the department of the major for which they advise.
Students who have declared a pre-health or pre-law area of interest will also work with advisors in the Exploratory and Pre-Professional Advising Center (Explore Center) in 127 Love South, who are specially trained to guide students preparing to enter a professional school.
For complete and current information on advisors for majors, minors, or pre-professional areas, visit https://cas.unl.edu/major-advisors, or connect with the Arts and Sciences Academic and Career Advising Center, 107 Oldfather Hall, 402-472-4190, casadvising@unl.edu.
Career Coaching
The College believes that Academics + Experience = Opportunities and encourages students to complement their academic preparation with real-world experience, including internships, research, education abroad, service, and leadership. Arts and sciences students have access to a powerful network of faculty, staff, and advisors dedicated to providing information and support for their goals of meaningful employment or advanced education. Arts and sciences graduates have unlimited career possibilities and carry with them important career competencies—communication, critical thinking, creativity, context, and collaboration. They have the skills and adaptability that employers universally value. Graduates are prepared to effectively contribute professionally and personally with a solid foundation to excel in an increasingly global, technological, and interdisciplinary world.
Students should contact the career coaches in the Arts and Sciences Academic and Career Advising Center in 107 Oldfather Hall, or their assigned advisor, for more information. The CAS career coaches help students explore career options, identify ways to build experience and prepare to apply for internships, jobs, or graduate school, including help with resumes, applications, and interviewing.
ACE Requirements
Students must complete one course for each of the ACE Student Learning Outcomes below. Certified course choices are published in the degree audit, or visit the ACE website for the most current list of certified courses.
| Code | Title | Credit Hours |
|---|---|---|
| ACE Student Learning Outcomes | ||
ACE 1: Write texts, in various forms, with an identified purpose, that respond to specific audience needs, integrate research or existing knowledge, and use applicable documentation and appropriate conventions of format and structure. | ||
ACE 2: Demonstrate competence in communication skills. | ||
ACE 3: Use mathematical, computational, statistical, logical, or other formal reasoning to solve problems, draw inferences, justify conclusions, and determine reasonableness. | ||
ACE 4: Use scientific methods and knowledge to pose questions, frame hypotheses, interpret data, and evaluate whether conclusions about the natural and physical world are reasonable. | ||
ACE 5: Use knowledge, historical perspectives, analysis, interpretation, critical evaluation, and the standards of evidence appropriate to the humanities to address problems and issues. | ||
ACE 6: Use knowledge, theories, and research perspectives such as statistical methods or observational accounts appropriate to the social sciences to understand and evaluate social systems or human behaviors. | ||
ACE 7: Use knowledge, theories, or methods appropriate to the arts to understand their context and significance. | ||
ACE 8: Use knowledge, theories, and analysis to explain ethical principles and their importance in society. | ||
ACE 9: Exhibit global awareness or knowledge of human diversity through analysis of an issue. | ||
ACE 10: Generate a creative or scholarly product that requires broad knowledge, appropriate technical proficiency, information collection, synthesis, interpretation, presentation, and reflection. | ||
College Degree Requirements
College Distribution Requirements – BA and BS
The College of Arts and Sciences distribution requirements are common to both the bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees and are designed to ensure a range of courses. By engaging in study in several different areas within the College, students develop the ability to learn in a variety of ways and apply their knowledge from a variety of perspectives. All requirements are in addition to University ACE requirements, and no course can be used to fulfill both an ACE outcome and a College Distribution Requirement.
- A student may not use a single course to satisfy more than one College Distribution Requirement, with the exception of CDR Diversity. Courses used to meet CDR Diversity may also meet CDR Writing, CDR Humanities, or CDR Social Science.
- Internship (395 or 495), independent study or readings (396 or 496), research (398 or 498), and thesis (399, 399H, 499, or 499H) will not satisfy distribution requirements.
- Other courses with a 9 in the middle number (ex. PSYC 292) will not satisfy distribution requirements unless approved by an advisor.
- Cross-listed courses from interdisciplinary programs will be applied in the same area as courses from the lead department.
| Code | Title | Credit Hours |
|---|---|---|
| College Distribution Requirements | ||
| CDR: Written Communication | 3 | |
| Select from courses approved for ACE outcome 1. | ||
| CDR: Natural, Physical, and Mathematical Sciences 1 | 3-4 | |
| Select a course from ASTR, BIOS, CHEM, GEOL, LIFE, METR, MATH, PHYS, or ANTH 242, GEOG 155, GEOG 281, POLS 250, or PSYC 273. | ||
| CDR: Laboratory 2 | 0-1 | |
| Laboratory courses may be embedded in a 4-5 credit course used in CDR Natural, Physical, and Mathematical Science (example GEOG 155), or stand alone (example LIFE 120L). | ||
| CDR: Humanities 3 | 3 | |
| Select a course from ARAB, CHIN, CLAS, CZEC, ENGL, FILM, FREN, GERM, GREK, HIST, JAPN, LATN, PHIL, RELG, RUSS, or SPAN. | ||
| CDR: Social Science 4 | 3 | |
| Select a course from ANTH, COMM, GEOG, NSST, POLS, PSYC, or SOCI. | ||
| CDR: Human Diversity in U.S. Communities | 0-3 | |
| Select from the following approved courses also listed in your degree audit: ANTH 130, ANTH 412, ANTH 473, ARAB 313, COMM 311, COMM 364, COMM 465, ENGL 212, ENGL 245N, ENGL 312, ENGL 345D, ENGL 345N, ENGL 346, ENGL 376, ENGL 380, ENGL 445, ETHN 100, ETHN 201, ETHN 202, ETHN 205, FILM 344, GEOG 271, GEOG 403, GLST 350, HIST 115, HIST 246, HIST 251, HIST 323, HIST 340, HIST 351, HIST 356, HIST 357, HIST 402, PHIL 105, PHIL 106, PHIL 218, PHIL 323, PHIL 325, POLS 333, POLS 338, POLS 347, PSYC 310, PSYC 330, PSYC 421, PSYC 425, RELG 134, RELG 226, RELG 227, RELG 313, SOCI 101, SOCI 180, SOCI 200, SOCI 217, SPAN 206, SPAN 486, WMNS 101, WMNS 201, WMNS 202, WMNS 210, WMNS 356 | ||
| CDR: Language 5 | 0-16 | |
| Fulfilled by the completion of the 4th level of a single language (either in H.S. or in college). Language study at UNL is available in: ARAB, CHIN, CZEC, FREN, GERM, GREK, JAPN, LATN, RUSS, SLPA, or SPAN. | ||
| Credit Hours Subtotal: | 12-33 | |
- 1
Excluded courses: BIOC 101, BIOS 100, CHEM 101, MBIO 101, PHYS 201, MATH 100A, MATH 101, MATH 102, MATH 103, and MATH subject area credit at the 100 level or below.
- 2
ANTH 242L, ASTR 224, BIOS 101L, BIOS 110L, BIOS 111, BIOS 116, BIOS 213L, BIOS 214, CHEM 105L, CHEM 106L, CHEM 109L, CHEM 110L, CHEM 113L, GEOG 155, GEOL 101, GEOL 103, LIFE 120L, LIFE 121L, METR 100, PHYS 141, PHYS 142, PHYS 153, PHYS 221, or PHYS 222.
- 3
ARAB, CHIN, CZEC, FREN, GERM, GREK, JAPN, LATN, RUSS, and SPAN courses must be numbered 300 or above. ENGL courses must be ENGL 170, ENGL 180, or ENGL 200 level and above. Excluded courses: CLAS 116, ENGL 254, ENGL 300, ENGL 354, SPAN 300A, SPAN 303, and SPAN 304.
- 4
Excluded courses: ANTH 242/ANTH 242L, GEOG 155, GIST 111, GIST 311, POLS 101, POLS 250, PSYC 100, PSYC 273.
- 5
ARAB 202, CHIN 202, CZEC 202, FREN 202 or FREN 210, GERM 202, GREK 301 and GREK 302, JAPN 201 and JAPN 202, LATN 301 and LATN 302, RUSS 202, SLPA 202, or SPAN 202 or SPAN 210.
Language Requirement - BA and BS
The University of Nebraska–Lincoln and the College of Arts and Sciences place great value on academic exposure and proficiency in a second language. The University of Nebraska–Lincoln entrance requirement of two years of the same foreign language or the College’s language distribution requirement (CDR: Language) will rarely be waived and only with relevant documentation. See the main College of Arts and Sciences page for more details.
Experiential Learning Requirement - BA and BS
All undergraduates in the College of Arts and Sciences must complete an Experiential Learning (EL) designated course. This may include 0-credit courses designed to document co-curricular activities recognized as Experiential Learning.
Scientific Base – BS Only
The bachelor of science degree requires students to complete 60 hours in mathematical, physical, and natural sciences from disciplines within the College of Arts and Sciences or required in its majors: ACTS, ASTR, BIOC, BIOS, CHEM, CSCE, GEOL, LIFE, MBIO, METR, MATH, PHYS, STAT or ANTH 242 , ANTH 242L, ANTH 341, ANTH 385, ANTH 386, ANTH 389, ANTH 416, ANTH 422, ANTH 430, ANTH 442, ANTH 443, ANTH 444, ANTH 448, ANTH 473, ANTH 484, ANTH 487D, ENVR 201, GEOG 155, GEOG 217, GEOG 281, GEOG 308, GEOG 317, GEOG 408, GEOG 417, GEOG 418, GEOG 419, GEOG 421, GEOG 422, GEOG 425, GEOG 427, GEOG 432, GEOG 444, GEOG 461, GEOG 467, PHIL 211, POLS 250, PSYC 273, PSYC 368, PSYC 370, PSYC 450, PSYC 451, PSYC 456, PSYC 458,PSYC 460, PSYC 461, PSYC 463, PSYC 464, or PSYC 465.
Excluded courses include: BIOC 101, BIOS 100, CHEM 101, MATH 100A, MATH 101, MATH 102, MATH 103, MBIO 101, PHYS 201 as well as any course numbered 395, 495, 399, 399H, 499, or 499H. MATH subject area credit at the 100 level or below is also excluded.
Up to 12 hours of scientific and technical courses offered by other colleges may be accepted toward this requirement with approval of the College of Arts and Sciences. See your assigned academic advisor to start the approval process.
Minimum Hours Required for Graduation
A minimum of 120 semester hours of credit is required for graduation from the College of Arts and Sciences. A cumulative grade point average of at least 2.0 is required.
Grade Rules
Restrictions on C- and D Grades
The College will accept no more than 15 semester hours of C- and D grades from other domestic institutions except for UNO and UNK. All courses taken at UNO and UNK impact the UNL transcript. No transfer of C- and D grades can be applied toward requirements in a major or a minor. No University of Nebraska–Lincoln C- and D grades can be applied toward requirements in a major or a minor. International coursework (including education abroad) with a final grade equivalent to a C- or lower will not be validated by the College of Arts and Sciences departments to be degree applicable.
Pass/No Pass Privilege
University policy for the Pass/No Pass (P/N) privilege:
- Neither the P nor the N grade factor into your GPA.
- 'P' is interpreted to mean a grade of C or above. A grade of C- or lower results in a ''N'.
- A change to or from a Pass/No Pass may be made until mid-term (1/2 of the course - see the academic calendar for specific dates per term).
- The Pass/No Pass or grade registration cannot conflict with the policy of the professor, department, college, or University policy governing the grading options.
- Changing to or from the Pass/No Pass grading option requires using MyRED, or processing a Schedule Adjustment Form.
- For undergraduates, the University maximum of 24 'Pass' credit hours and/or college and department limits will apply. These limits do not include courses offered on a 'Pass/No Pass' basis only. Consult your advisor or the Undergraduate Catalog for restrictions on the number of 'Pass' hours you can apply toward your degree.
- The 'Pass/No Pass' grading option cannot be used for the removal of 'C-', 'D+', 'D', 'D-', or 'F' grade factors.
NOTE: See Course Repeats
College of Arts and Sciences policy on the Pass/No Pass (P/N) privilege:
- Pass hours can count toward fulfillment of University ACE requirements and college distribution requirements up to the 24-hour maximum.
- Most arts and sciences majors and minors do not permit any courses graded Pass/No Pass to apply, or limit them to no more than 6 hours. Students should refer to the major section of the catalog for clarification.
- Departments may specify that certain courses of theirs can be taken on a P/N-only or on a graded-only basis.
Grading Appeals
A student who feels that he/she has been unfairly graded must ordinarily take the following sequential steps in a timely manner, usually by initiating the appeal in the semester following the awarding of the grade:
- Talk with the instructor concerned. Most problems are resolved at this point.
- Talk to the instructor’s department chairperson.
- Take the case to the Grading Appeal Committee of the department concerned. The Committee should be contacted through the department chairperson.
- Take the case to the College Grading Appeals Committee by contacting the Dean’s Office, 1223 Oldfather Hall.
Course Level Requirements
Courses Numbered at the 300 or 400 Level
Thirty (30) of the 120 semester hours of credit must be in courses numbered at the 300 or 400 level. Of those 30 hours, 15 hours (1/2) must be completed in residence at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.
Residency Requirement
The term "Residency" refers to courses taken at UNL. Students must complete at least 30 of the 120 total hours for their degree at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. Students must complete at least 18 hours of their major coursework, and 15 of the 30 hours required at the 300 or 400 level, at UNL.
Catalog to Use
Students must fulfill the requirements stated in the catalog for the academic year in which they are first admitted to and enrolled as a degree-seeking student at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. In consultation with advisors, a student may choose to follow a subsequent catalog for any academic year in which they are admitted to and enrolled as a degree-seeking student at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in the College of Arts and Sciences. Students must complete all degree requirements from a single catalog year. Beginning in 1990-1991, the catalog which a student follows for degree requirements may not be more than 10 years old at the time of graduation.
Transfer Students: Students who have transferred from a community college may be eligible to fulfill the requirements as stated in the catalog for an academic year in which they were enrolled at the community college prior to attending the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. This decision should be made in consultation with academic advisors, provided the student a) was enrolled in a community college during the catalog year they are utilizing, b) maintained continuous enrollment at the previous institution for 1 academic year or more, and c) continued enrollment at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln within 1 calendar year from their last term at the previous institution. Students must complete all degree requirements from a single catalog year and within the time frame allowable for that catalog year.
Major Requirements
Core Requirements
| Code | Title | Credit Hours |
|---|---|---|
| Required Courses | ||
| MBIO 101 | Introduction to the Microbiology Major | 1 |
| LIFE 120 & LIFE 120L | Fundamentals of Biology I and Fundamentals of Biology I laboratory | 4 |
| LIFE 121 & LIFE 121L | Fundamentals of Biology II and Fundamentals of Biology II Laboratory | 4 |
| BIOS 206 | General Genetics | 4 |
| BIOS 312 | Microbiology | 3 |
| BIOS 314 | Microbiology Laboratory | 1 |
| MBIO 420 / BIOS 420 | Molecular Genetics | 3 |
| MBIO 440 / BIOS 440 | Microbial Physiology | 3 |
| MBIO 443 / BIOS 443 | Immunology | 3 |
| Credit Hours Subtotal: | 26 | |
| Total Credit Hours | 26 | |
Ancillary Requirements
| Code | Title | Credit Hours |
|---|---|---|
| Mathematics and Statistics | ||
| MATH 106 | Calculus I | 5 |
| Select one of the following: | 3 | |
| Statistics | ||
| Statistical Methods | ||
| Introduction to Statistics | ||
| Statistics and Applications | ||
| Credit Hours Subtotal: | 8 | |
| Chemistry | ||
| General Chemistry | ||
| Select one sequence from the following: | 8-12 | |
| General Chemistry I and General Chemistry I Laboratory and General Chemistry II and General Chemistry II Laboratory | ||
| Or | ||
| Fundamental Chemistry I and Fundamental Chemistry I Laboratory and Fundamental Chemistry II and Elementary Quantitative Analysis and Elementary Quantitative Analysis Laboratory | ||
| Organic Chemistry | 4-8 | |
| If you plan to take BIOC 401 & BIOC 401L, select one sequence from the following: | ||
| Organic Chemistry I and Organic Chemistry I Laboratory | ||
| Mechanistic Organic Chemistry I and Mechanistic Organic Chemistry I Laboratory | ||
| If you plan to take BIOC 431, select one sequence from the following: | ||
| Organic Chemistry I and Organic Chemistry I Laboratory and Organic Chemistry II | ||
| Mechanistic Organic Chemistry I and Mechanistic Organic Chemistry I Laboratory and Mechanistic Organic Chemistry II | ||
| Credit Hours Subtotal: | 12-20 | |
| Biochemistry | ||
| Select one of the following: | 3-4 | |
| Elements of Biochemistry and Laboratory for Elements of Biochemistry | ||
| Biochemistry I: Structure and Metabolism | ||
| Credit Hours Subtotal: | 3-4 | |
| Physics | ||
| Select one sequence from the following: | 10 | |
| Physics for Life Sciences I and Physics for Life Sciences II | ||
| General Physics I and General Physics Laboratory I and General Physics II and General Physics Laboratory II | ||
| Credit Hours Subtotal: | 10 | |
| Total Credit Hours | 33-42 | |
Specific Major Requirements
| Code | Title | Credit Hours |
|---|---|---|
| Advanced Microbiology Courses | ||
| Select at least 12 hours from the following advanced microbiology-related courses: | 12 | |
| Biochemistry II: Metabolism and Biological Information | ||
| Biochemistry Laboratory | ||
| Research Techniques in Biochemistry | ||
| Computational Biology | ||
| Cell Biology | ||
| Molecular Biology | ||
| Biology of Viruses | ||
| Cancer Biology | ||
| Systems Biology | ||
| Earth and Environmental Microbiology | ||
| Soil Microbial Ecology | ||
| Bioinformatics and Molecular Evolution | ||
| Field Parasitology | ||
| Special Topics in Biological Sciences | ||
| Food Microbiology | ||
| Food Microbiology Laboratory | ||
| Food Mycology | ||
| Microbiology of Fermented Foods | ||
| Microbiology of Fermented Foods Laboratory (offered even years only) | ||
| Microbial Diversity | ||
| Independent Research 1 | ||
| Intermediate Plant Pathology | ||
| Intermediate Plant Pathology Lab | ||
| Principles and Prevention of Livestock Diseases | ||
| Functional Histology | ||
| Basic Molecular Infectious Diseases (offered odd years only) | ||
| Pathogenic Microbiology | ||
| Credit Hours Subtotal: | 12 | |
- 1
No more than 3 hours of MBIO 498 may count as advanced Microbiology elective coursework.
Additional Major Requirements
Grade Rules
C- and D Grades
A grade of C or above is required for all courses in the major, including ancillary courses.
Pass/No Pass
With the exception of MBIO 101, no course taken Pass/No Pass will be counted toward the major.
PLEASE NOTE
This document represents a sample 4-year plan for degree completion with this major. Actual course selection and sequence may vary and should be discussed individually with your college or department academic advisor. Advisors also can help you plan other experiences to enrich your undergraduate education such as internships, education abroad, undergraduate research, learning communities, and service learning and community-based learning.
Microbiology (B.S.)
Critical - A minimum 2.00 GPA required for graduation.
- ***Total Credits Applying Toward 120 Total Hours***
- Complete 30 hours in residence at UNL.
- Complete 30 hours at the 300 or 400 level.
- Complete 60 hours of Scientific-Base courses in the Natural and Mathematical Sciences.
Career Information
The following represents a sample of the internships, jobs and graduate school programs that current students and recent graduates have reported.
Transferable Skills
- Understand and utilize a variety of research methodologies
- Understand fundamental life processes
- Communicate results of scientific experiments to scientific and non-scientific audiences
- Design and implement research experiments
- Apply mathematical and scientific skills to solve real-world problems
- Comprehend and critically evaluate complex information
- Analyze and explain data
- Conduct and present research to large and small groups
- Read, understand, and critically review scientific information
- Understand and practice proper laboratory safety procedures
- More...
- Use quantitative analysis techniques
- Demonstrate ethical conduct in research activities
- Collaborate with a team to develop solutions
- Develop and defend evidence based arguments
- Develop basic techniques of statistical analysis
Jobs of Recent Graduates
- Animal Care Technician, Benchmark Biolabs – Lincoln, NE
- Clinical Research Associate, University of Nebraska Medical Center – Omaha, NE
- Lab Assistant, Neogen Corporation – Lincoln, NE
- Lab Technician, University of Nebraska - Lincoln – Lincoln, NE
- Medical Scribe, EMR Scribes – Omaha, NE
- Middle School Science Teacher, Alma Public Schools – Alma, NE
- Phlebotomist, Bryan Medical Center – Lincoln, NE
- Science Writer, LI–COR Biosciences – Lincoln, NE
- Scientist I, Aerotek – Chicago, IL
- Plant Research Biologist, Midwest Research Inc. – York, NE
Internships
- R&D Summer Intern, Estee Lauder Companies - Melville NY
- Project Manager Assistant/Engineering Assistant, LI-COR Biosciences - Lincoln NE
- Construction Management Intern, Nemaha Landscape Construction - Lincoln NE
- Undergrad Student Research Intern, UNL Mid-America Transportation Center - Lincoln NE
- Certified Nursing Assistant, Delmar Gardens Retirement Home - CNA Program - O'Fallon MO
- Intern, Monsanto - Gothenburg NE
- Beckman Research Scholar, UNL College of Arts of Sciences Beckman Scholars - Lincoln NE
- Associate Management Intern, Cargill - Kansas City, MO
- Advanced Research Intern, Li-COR Biosciences - Lincoln NE
- Distinguished Life Sciences Scholar, College of Arts and Sciences - Lincoln NE
Graduate & Professional Schools
- Master’s in Bioinformatics, Northeastern University – Boston, MA
- Master’s in Global Health, Emory University – Atlanta, GA
- Doctor of Dental Surgery, UNMC College of Dentistry – Lincoln, NE
- Doctor of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center – Omaha, NE
- Doctor of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences – Bethesda, MD
- Doctor of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center – Omaha, NE
- Doctor of Physical Therapy, University of Nebraska Medical Center – Omaha, NE
- Ph.D., Biomedical Sciences, University of California - San Diego – San Diego, CA
- Ph.D., Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago – Chicago, IL
- Ph.D., Neuroimmunology (M.D.– Ph.D.), University of Nebraska Medical Center – Omaha, NE